in 2015 having been suspended in 1985. CGT is charged at the rate of 5% of the gain. There are various exemptions on CGT provided under the ITA. The tax on rental income is a tax arising from the gains and profits for occupation of property. The ITA provides for various ways of taxing rental income; Where the rent is payable to a non-resident, the tenant is required to withhold 30% of the rent and remit it to the Kenya Revenue Authority. The tax withheld is a final tax. Where the rent is payable to a resident, if the property is commercial, the tenant being an appointed agent, is required to withhold 10 % of the rent. The tax withheld is not a final tax and the landlord is required to file their income tax in the usual way. Where the rent is payable to a resident and the property is residential, the landlord may opt to either pay a monthly rental income tax, computed at 10 % of the gross rent a (final tax) or pay the instalment tax and final income tax in the usual way. Stamp dut...
Drug use puts you at higher risk of TB
In Summary
- Drug and alcohol abusers may not access a diet that provides all the nutrients needed to stay healthy
- They may fail to adhere to their treatment, which may lead to drug-resistant TB
People who abuse drugs or alcohol have a greater risk of contracting tuberculosis. The use of drugs and excessive consumption of alcohol damage a person’s organs and weaken their defenses (immune system) against illnesses such as TB.
Drug and alcohol abusers may not access a diet that provides all the nutrients needed to stay healthy; they may fail to adhere to their treatment, which may lead to drug-resistant TB, and they may also spend time in places where it’s easier for TB to spread, such as crowded or poorly ventilated homes or social venues.
TB patients with a substance abuse problem may not access health services in time and if they do, they may fail to take their medication as prescribed. Untreated TB is highly contagious and may be fatal, this means sufferers pose an increased risk of passing infectious TB to others and developing drug-resistant TB.
TB treatment can also be complicated for drug users and alcohol abusers because the combination of these and TB medication may lead to liver toxicity, which is particularly dangerous for people who drink too much alcohol. Injecting drug users are at risk of co-infection with viral hepatitis and HIV, which require careful monitoring and alternative drug regimens.
Drug use and injection drug use are essential factors in tuberculosis epidemiology in developed and developing countries. While the incidence of TB in most industrialized nations has declined over the past decade, the burden of disease is increasingly borne by urban sub-populations, including drug users.
Recognizing the important relationship between TB and drug use, the World Health Organization, UNAIDS, and the UN Office on Drugs and Crime issued a set of guidelines to better coordinate TB care among drug users.
Illicit drug users have higher TB infection prevalence and disease incidence compared to non-users, likely due to significant within-group transmission and clustered vulnerability.
Drug use has been associated with a higher prevalence of latent TB infection and incidence of TB disease. Several studies have characterized the LTBI prevalence (10-59 percent) among various cohorts of drug users.
The most effective way to reduce TB incidence and mortality is to interrupt transmission. This requires finding and treating individuals with TB early, including those with subclinical disease.
Spatial clustering of individuals with higher rates of progression from infection to diseases, such as those with HIV and malnourishment, can also form transmission hotspots.
Illicit drug users have higher TB infection prevalence and disease incidence compared to non-users, likely due to significant within-group transmission and clustered vulnerability.
Increased transmission among people who use illicit drugs could result from the creation of more efficient TB transmitters, increased close contact among transmitters, increased rates of primary progression from infection to disease among contacts, or a combination.
Therefore, the interrogation of illicit drug user networks for TB transmission holds great potential as a target for early case identification and linkage to treatment, with the potential benefits of halting transmission to the broader population.
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